Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Study enrollment. Parents were enrolled between January and March 2016. Eleven parents were not present during the majority of their child’s hospitalization, and 8 parents were eligible for enrollment on a day when the study coordinator was not available. One parent declined to participate, and 166 parents were enrolled in the study.
Tables
Characteristic Value Parents/guardians (N = 166) Female 131 (79) Marital status Single 34 (20) Married/engaged 113 (68) Separated/divorced 16 (10) Widowed/widower 1 (<1) Not reported 2 (1) Ethnicity/race White 123 (74) African American 28 (17) Hispanic 2 (1) Other 13 (8) Education GED/high school or less 58 (35) Associates degree or higher 100 (60) Not reported 8 (5) Employment status Full-time 104 (63) Part-time 25 (15) Unemployed 34 (20) Not reported 3 (2) Travel time to hospital, median (range), min 35 (5–480) Age, mean ± SD (range), y 37.4 ± 9.2 (18–60) Children (N = 166) Female 77 (46) Age, mean ± SD (range), y 7.1 ± 6.3 (0.01–17) Ethnicity/race White 120 (72) African American 31 (19) Hispanic 1 (<1) Other 11 (7) Information not available 3 (2) Medical history Healthy 51 (31) Underlying medical condition 115 (69) No. of previous admissions None 57 (34) 1–3 66 (40) 4–10 24 (15) >10 12 (7) Not reported 7 (4) Admitting service Hospitalist 100 (60) Specialty servicea 66 (40) Unplanned admission 136 (82) Length of stay, mean ± SD (range), h 83 ± 64 (34–634) Data are presented as n (%), unless indicated otherwise. GED, General Educational Development test.
↵a Did not include hematology/oncology or epilepsy services, which are housed in separate wings of the children’s hospital.
- TABLE 2
Descriptive Statistics of Predictor/Outcome Variables and Correlations With Demographic/Clinical Variables
Variable Total Need Fulfillment Important Need Fulfillment Parent Participation Parent Anxiety Parent Depression Descriptive statistics Mean ± SD 0.89 ± 0.13 0.94 ± 0.10 23.5 ± 6.5 6.9 ± 3.7 3.5 ± 2.9 Range 0.28–1 0.37–1 5–36 0–17 0–14 Demographic/clinical variables Parent age (y), n = 164a Correlation −0.11 −0.09 −0.17 −0.19 −0.05 Significanceb 0.15 0.26 0.03 0.02 0.50 Parent race (non-white), n = 166a Slope 0.01 0.01 0.95 −0.53 0.01 Significance 0.52 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.98 Parent educational level (≤GED), n = 158a Slope 0.02 0.02 −0.90 0.02 0.17 Significance 0.13 0.03 0.10 0.94 0.47 Travel time to hospital (min), n = 165a Correlation −0.08 −0.18 0.04 0.07 0.21 Significance 0.34 0.02 0.62 0.40 0.01 Parent sex (female), n = 166 Slope 0.03 0.01 0.50 0.33 −0.09 Significance 0.01 0.23 0.43 0.38 0.75 Marital status (single), n = 164 Slope 0.00 −0.01 0.59 −0.23 0.07 Significance 0.75 0.37 0.29 0.48 0.78 Parent employment (unemployed), n = 163 Slope 0.00 0.00 −0.30 0.43 0.37 Significance 0.79 0.85 0.64 0.26 0.20 Child age (y), n = 166a Correlation −0.10 −0.10 −0.21 −0.10 −0.05 Significance 0.19 0.199 0.01 0.199 0.54 Child sex (female), n = 166 Slope 0.01 0.01 −0.32 −0.11 0.22 Significance 0.63 0.56 0.53 0.72 0.33 Medical history (previous diagnosis), n = 166 Slope −0.01 −0.01 −0.23 0.16 0.05 Significance 0.29 0.37 0.68 0.62 0.85 No. of previous admissions, n = 159 Correlation 0.02 −0.01 0.23 0.04 0.05 Significance 0.85 0.86 0.004 0.67 0.54 Admitting service (specialty service), n = 166 Slope −0.01 −0.01 0.07 −0.30 −0.24 Significance 0.30 0.51 0.90 0.33 0.31 Reason for admission (unplanned), n = 166 Slope 0.02 0.01 0.42 0.41 0.31 Significance 0.10 0.41 0.52 0.28 0.29 Time since admission (h), n = 166 Correlation −0.04 0.01 0.11 −0.02 −0.08 Significance 0.65 0.91 0.16 0.80 0.34 Length of stay (h), n = 166 Correlation −0.03 0.04 0.12 −0.10 0.08 Significance 0.72 0.64 0.14 0.23 0.29 Variable Regression Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval P Factors related to parent participation (n = 150) Total need fulfillment 12.12 4.09 to 20.15 .003 Parent age, y −0.01 −0.18 to 0.16 .91 Parent race, non-white 0.96 −0.26 to 2.19 .12 Parent education, ≤GED −1.14 −2.20 to −0.07 .04 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 −0.01 to 0.03 .16 Child age, y −0.18 −0.44 to 0.07 .16 R2 = 0.13, F6143 = 3.71, P = .002 Important need fulfillment 5.53 −4.89 to 15.95 .30 Parent age, y −0.02 −0.19 to 0.15 .81 Parent race, non-white 0.97 −0.29 to 2.24 .13 Parent education, ≤GED −1.03 −2.13 to 0.07 .07 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 −0.01 to 0.04 .16 Child age, y −0.18 −0.44 to 0.08 .17 R2 = 0.09, F6143 = 2.30, P = .038 Factors related to parent anxiety symptoms (n = 146) Total need fulfillment −1.31 −5.90 to 3.29 .58 Parent age, y −0.12 −0.22 to −0.03 .01 Parent race, non-white −0.64 −1.36 to 0.08 .08 Parent education, ≤GED 0.07 −0.54 to 0.69 .81 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 −0.01 to 0.02 .37 Child age, y 0.05 −0.10 to 0.20 .49 R2 = 0.08, F6139 = 1.96, P = .076 Important need fulfillment −2.33 −8.13 to 3.47 .43 Parent age, y −0.12 −0.22 to −0.02 .02 Parent race, non-white −0.62 −1.34 to 0.11 .09 Parent education, ≤GED 0.09 −0.53 to 0.71 .76 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 −0.01 to 0.02 .41 Child age, y 0.05 −0.10 to 0.19 .51 R2 = 0.08, F6139 = 2.01, P = .068 Factors related to parent depression symptoms (n = 150) Total need fulfillment −4.74 −8.30 to −1.19 .009 Parent age, y −0.03 −0.10 to 0.05 .44 Parent race, non-white −0.05 −0.60 to 0.50 .86 Parent education, ≤GED 0.35 −0.12 to 0.82 .14 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 0.00 to 0.02 .007 Child age, y −0.01 −0.12 to 0.10 .86 R2 = 0.11, F6143 = 2.84, P = .012 Important need fulfillment −6.03 −10.51 to −1.54 .009 Parent age, y −0.02 −0.10 to 0.05 .55 Parent race, non-white 0.00 −0.55 to 0.55 .99 Parent education, ≤GED 0.37 −0.10 to 0.85 .12 Travel time to hospital, min 0.01 0.00 to 0.02 .01 Child age, y −0.02 −0.13 to 0.10 .78 R2 = 0.11, F6143 = 2.85, P = .012 GED, General Educational Development test.
Individual Needs % Subgroup Rating Need as Importanta % Subgroup Rating Need as Fulfilledb Education ≤GEDc (n = 58) Education >GEDd (n = 100) Education ≤GED (n = 58) Education >GED (n = 100) To not feel blamed for my child’s condition 91 72 91 95 For my culture to be respected 67 51 85 81 For my religion to be respected 68 53 83 82 To have time alone with my child 97 81 98 97 To express emotions in my own way 88 72 96 91 Non-White Race/Ethnicitye (n = 43) White Race/Ethnicityf (n = 123) Non-White Race/Ethnicity (n = 43) White Race/Ethnicity (n = 123) To have child care (babysitting) at the hospital 42 22 56 46 To have help keeping my life going (eg, groceries, laundry, mail) 65 41 69 48 For my culture to be respected 86 47 90 79 For my religion to be respected 86 50 92 77 To express emotions in my own way 93 73 93 93 For hospital staff to acknowledge my pain 79 63 90 87 Unpartneredg (n = 51) Partneredh (n = 113) Unpartnered (n = 51) Partnered (n = 113) To have child care (babysitting) at the hospital 41 21 58 43 To have help keeping my life going (eg, groceries, laundry, mail) 57 42 70 46 Needs were included in the table if >95% of both subgroups provided data regarding the need’s importance and if the difference in percentages between subgroups was ≥15%. GED, General Educational Development test.
↵a Rated as 4 or 5 on a 5-point Likert scale for importance.
↵b Rated as 4 or 5 on a 5-point Likert scale for fulfillment.
↵c Included some grade school, GED/high school, and some college.
↵d Included associates or vocational degree, 4-year college degree, master’s degree, and professional doctorate degree.
↵e Included African American, Hispanic, and other.
↵f Included white.
↵g Included single, separated/divorced, and widowed/widower.
↵h Included married/engaged.
In this issue
Investigating Parent Needs, Participation, and Psychological Distress in the Children’s Hospital
